Electrocortical and behavioral arousal are separate phenomena subserved by different neural substrata operating in parallel. A comprehensive theory of 'activation' must take into account the relationships between the electrical and behavioral activating systems. In pathological or experimentally induced states paradoxes, resolvable by a theory positing functional interaction between these syste...

Objective: The purpose of the article is to provide an overview literature concerning role attachment relation in pathogenesis auditory hallucinations. holistically integrates knowledge about with cognitive and biological factors. Materials method: was compiled using following databases: EBSCO, PsycINFO, PubMed, Google Scholar. databases were searched keywords: „secure”, „disorganized”, „epigen...

It is believed that narcolepsy involves abnormalities of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, especially of REM sleep atonia. Compelling evidence suggests that the regulation of REM sleep and REM sleep atonia involves a reciprocal interaction of cholinergic and monoaminergic systems. Using our canine model of narcolepsy and a pharmacological approach, we have previously demonstrated a similar intera...

Evidence supporting a cholinergic hypothesis of depression is presented. First, cholinergic overdrive produces behavioral, neuroendocrine, and polysomnographic features of melancholia, and melancholics exhibit state-independent supersensitivity to cholinergic overdrive. Drugs inducing up-regulation and supersensitivity of cholinergic systems produce behavioral, polysomnographic, and neuroendocr...

Objective(s): Studies indicate that major deficiency in the levels of monoaminergic transmitters is a reason for severe depression. On the other hand, it is shown that Carthamus tinctorius L. (CT) may improve neuropsychological injuries by regulation of the monoamine transporter action. Hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the involvement of monoaminergic systems in antidepressan...

Since thc introduction of the Falck--Hillarp fluoresccnce technique (Falck, 1962: Falck et al.. 1962) for the localisation of biogenic monoamines, and the unequivocal demonstration of monoaminergic nerve terminals at a fine structural level with the aid of the selective markers 5and 6-hydroxydopamine, thcre have been major advances in the understanding of the anatomy of vertebrate monoaminergic...

BACKGROUND People with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) constitute a clinically heterogeneous group, but previous symptomatic drug trials in VCI did not take this clinical heterogeneity into account. Executive dysfunction and memory impairment are the cognitive domains that are most frequently impaired in VCI, and these impairments are likely to reflect vascular damage to specific neurotrans...