hemoglobin f (hbf, α 2 γ 2 ) is a major contributor to the clinical heterogeneity and ameliorating agent observed in patients with the β-globin disorders including β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (scd). during fetal life, hbf is the major hemoglobin but is largely substituted by adult hemoglobin (hba, α 2 β 2 ) following a globin expression switch after birth. increased γ-globin expressio...

learning is a cornerstone of intelligent behavior in animals. this behavior has been mostly studied in organisms with a fairly complex nervous system. however, recent reports of learning in unicellular organisms suggested the existence of associative learning in unicellular organisms. in particular, the capability to associate different light intensities with cathodal stimulation in paramecium ...

liver is one of the most important organs needing great concern during the perioperative period. there are a number of different mechanisms that interact with liver cells and might affect their integrity and cell live. though these mechanisms are not all the same, there is a great common point: all affect the metabolic pathways of the liver. ischemia, anesthetic drug effects and other periopera...

Background: Assisted fertilization procedures are a currently widespread practice to regulate reproduction in humans and animals. The arising question is why the human being manipulating gametes to generate new individuals, if we do not understand yet the molecular mechanism of fertilization?. Successful completion of fertilization in mammals is dependent on three membrane fusion events: 1. the...

Vascular aging plays an important role in the mortality of the elderly, but vascular aging can be dependent on other factors such as diseases. Various diseases such as Alzheimer, diabetes, thalassemia, and other diseases affect the mechanisms of vascular aging. It will harm the recovery process of these patients. There are methods for measuring vascular aging such as instrumental measurements a...