This study investigated the impact of interaction and output modality on vocabulary learning and retention of EFL learners. To investigate the impact of Interaction, solitary (n =69) and collaborative (n =62) groups served as experimental and No Interaction No Output (n =26) as control group. To address the effect of modality, spoken (n =39) and written (n =31) modalities served as experimental...

This study investigated the impact of interaction and output modality on vocabulary learning and retention of EFL learners. To investigate the impact of Interaction, solitary (n =69) and collaborative (n =62) groups served as experimental and No Interaction No Output (n =26) as control group. To address the effect of modality, spoken (n =39) and written (n =31) modalities served as experimental...

one ef the most important innovations in the history ef traditional logic is the avicena's theory ef temporal modalities (.atm). althottgh) the basic concepts and elements ef this theory are fottnded in aristotelian and stoic-lvlegarian !0 gic) but as a independent lo,gical system, are devised on/y fry avicenna and were later developed and completed fry his followers. the atm theory contai...

with regard to the relationship between the use of modality and readability levels oftexts, 2 opposing views have been raised. the first view endorses direct positiverelationship between modality and readability in the sense that the use of modalityincreases textual understandability. the second view is that the use of modality leadsto an increase in the number of words, resulting in readabilit...

modal verbs and their different meanings can be investigated on the basis of various theoretical frameworks. in this paper, persian modal verbs are examined and analyzed in terms of degrees and kinds of modality proposed by palmer (1990). our analysis shows that although bǎyad ‘must’ does not entail the proposition, it is used to express three degrees of epistemic modality, two degrees of dynam...

background cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is an endemic disease in iran. pentavalent antimonials including meglumine antimoniate (ma) are still the gold standard treatment. trichloroacetic acid (tca) is used in treatment of acne scar, photodamaged skin, and some other dermatologic diseases. considering the tca potential to induce collagen synthesis and its efficacy in the treatment of papular cl ...