The purpose of this research is to identify the impact of price hike on the living standard of middle income people. The researchers tried to identify the alternatives of middle class people in face of price hike or inflation. This descriptive analytical research is conducted by random probability sampling. The data were collected by a well designed questionnaire that was tested by experts in t...

We study how the presence of middle class in sense Gevorgyan-Malykhin affects value income inequality measures including Gini coefficient J and Hoover index H. It is proved that (1) $J \leqslant \frac{1}{2}\frac{{L'\left( 0 \right)}}{2}$ (where L Lorenz function), (2) $H \frac{1}{2}$, (3) longest vertical distance between diagonal curve (which equal to H) attained at ${z_0} < \frac{3}{4}$ A ...

this article has attempted to present a clear image of science production by the member states of the organization of islamic conference (oic) based on the essential science indicators (esi). esi indexes the most effective science productions of the world. the world bank, on the other hand, has classified the countries of the world according to their economic position. using the information acc...

In a high-crime environment with many high-income citizens, private security companies which off er protection against crime can fl ourish. In this article crime is modelled as a game where richer victims yield a higher return on crime, but with decreasing returns to crime as more criminals choose crime to supplement their income. Private security providers off er protection against crime and f...

Modern political economy stresses “society’s polarization” as a determinant of development outcomes. Among the most common sources of social polarization are class divisions and ethnic divisions. A middle class consensus is defined as a high share of income for the middle class and a low degree of ethnic divisons. A middle class consensus distinguishes development successes from failures. The p...

This paper examines unionism’s relationship to the size of the middle class and its relationship to intergenerational mobility. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) 1985 and 2011 files are used to examine the change in the share of workers in a middle-income group (defined by persons having incomes within 50 percent of the median) and use a shift-share decomposition to explore how the decline ...

The purpose of this study is to investigate the significant relationship between different young mothers’ social classes and children’s language learning. According to this research goal, this study is eager to answer the two major research questions: (a) Is there any significant difference between middle-class and working-class mothers’ speech? (b) Is there any significant relationship between...

Pay-for-performance (P4P) is the provision of financial incentives to healthcare providers based on pre-specified performance targets. P4P has been used as a policy tool to improve healthcare provision globally. However, researchers tend to cluster into those working on high or low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with still limited knowledge exchange, potentially ...