The contractile vacuole pores (CVPs) in Tetrahymena pyriformis are usually found to the left of ciliary meridians (CVP meridians). When the CVP meridians are experimentally rotated 180 degrees ('inverted'), the CVPs are now found to the right of the rotated CVP meridians. In other words, the CVP is almost invariably found on the same side with respect to the CVP meridian. Thus, the 2 sides of t...

A new concept and its methodology for studying human meridians are presented based on rigorous and scientific observation on the objective existence of human meridians in view of biomedical optics. According to this methodology, the infrared radiant characteristics of acupuncture meridians over human body and the optical transport properties of light propagating along the meridian are reported....

We discuss meridians and longitudes in reduced Alexander modules of classical virtual links. When these elements are suitably defined, each link component will have many meridians, but only one longitude. Enhancing the module by singling out peripheral provides a significantly stronger invariant. In particular, enhanced determines all linking numbers link; contrast, alone does not even detect h...

Absolute thresholds were checked in six meridians in 18 patients at 10 and 20 degrees eccentricity, with VA degree and 1 degree targets. Thresholds averaged higher in the inferior than in the superior retina. The highest threshold was obtained from the inferior vertical meridian. Area-intensity functions were obtained from 3 subjects for the superior and inferior vertical meridians. The thresho...

This paper aims to summarize the recent progress of researches on the primo vascular system (PVS) and to analyze characteristics between PVS and traditional Chinese meridians. With the distribution, position features, identification and origin of PVS, and its function related to meridians elaborated on, we propose that there is still a lack of enough evidence to support the correlation between ...

Meridian essence has been investigated through anatomy, electrophysiology, biophysics, and biochemistry. Various hypotheses of meridian essence exist, but no hypothesis can truly reflect the internal character of Chinese medicine (CM). The research of meridian essence requires a holistic viewpoint and innovative awareness. Initially, any hypothesis regarding meridian essence should begin with o...

Acupuncture originated in ancient China but is used around the world to treat a variety of diseases. Research has not provided conclusive evidence proving the existence of meridians, or the lines along which acupuncture needles are inserted. Currently, some members of the scientific community recognize the existence of acupuncture points but not of the meridians. Thus, when acupuncture is accep...