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conclusions a review of opinion rhazes and other ancient islamic medical textbooks on nocturnal enuresis reveals that medical practice in those days was comparable to modern medicine yet avoiding the side effects that are commonly experienced with the modern medical approach. results our findings proved that rhazes described the symptoms, signs, and the treatment of nocturnal enuresis in accord...

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the information about herbs’ medicinal properties is ample in traditional manuscripts, some of which are of value even in modern medicine. however, it is not usually easy to put it into practice. identifying traditional herbs and determining their scientific names are very challenging, calling for many ethnopharmacological studies. one significant herb in traditional medicine is stoechas. its m...

Background: History of medical ethics shows a great attention toward morality and ethical behavior in practice of Iranian physicians. Traditional medical ethics with its conventional methods of teaching have been included in medical education by Iranian physicians over centuries. However, modern academic methods of medical education have also been introduced in medical schools. We aim to summar...

to know every phenomenon the first step is to know its root. hygiene and medicine have noble origin from the beginning of the recorded human history; in fact, they have been the milestone of human society. medical history will help us to know this background and roots and achaemenid period as a brilliant age of iranian heritage is meritorious to be studied. the present study is an attempt to fi...