Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is a dominating technology in contemporary all-optical networking. It allows several connections to be established through the same fiber links, provided that each of the connections uses a different wavelength. A second requirement is that a connection must use the same wavelength from one end to the other in order to avoid the use of wavelength converter...

Beneath most overcasts, clouds' motions and rapidly changing optical depths complicate mapping their angular distributions of luminance L(v) and visible-wavelength radiance L. Fisheye images of overcast skies taken with a radiometer-calibrated digital camera provide a useful new approach to solving this problem. Maps calculated from time-averaged images of individual overcasts not only show the...

A sequence of rainbows is produced in light scattering by a particle of high symmetry in the short-wavelength limit, and a supernumerary interference pattern occurs to one side of each rainbow. Using both a ray-tracing procedure and the Debye-series decomposition of first-order perturbation wave theory, I examine the spacing of the supernumerary maxima and minima as a function of the cylinder r...

We present a theoretical analysis of stacking and destacking wave trains in excitable reaction-diffusion systems with anomalous velocity-wavelength dependence. For linearized dispersion relations, kinematic analysis yields an analytical function that rigorously describes front trajectories. The corresponding accelerations have exactly one extremum that slowly decays with increasing pulse number...

Sporangiophores of Phycomyces do not grow directly towards a horizontal beam of light, but equilibrate at an angle of about 30 degrees above the horizontal. After describing several related observations, this paper suggests that the dioptric properties of an obliquely illuminated cylindrical lens, illustrated by a dummy cell, as well as a negative geotropic response, play major roles in determi...

OBJECTIVE The aim of the present work is to analyze available action spectra for various biological responses of HeLa cells irradiated with monochromatic light of 580-860 nm. BACKGROUND DATA Phototherapy (low-level laser therapy or photobiomodulation) is characterized by its ability to induce photobiological processes in cells. Exact action spectra are needed for determination of photoaccepto...

We measured the wavelength of the cardiac impulse, defined as the distance traveled by the depolarization wave during the functional refractory period, in isolated narrow strips of rabbit atrium. During control, wavelength was 42 mm during pacing with 2 Hz, and was 28 mm at the maximum pacing rate; early premature beats had a wavelength as short as 23 mm. Administration of carbamylcholine (4 X ...

We report the observation of atomic-pair absorption in barium and in barium-thallium vapors using a white-light source. At atomic densities on the order of 10(17) atoms/cm(3) we measure absorptions of 2.9% cm(-1) for Ba-Ba and 2.3% cm(-1) for Ba-TI. In both cases, the absorption maxima occur at the predicted (R = infinity) wavelength and have a full width at half maximum of approximately 15 cm(...

We measured the wavelength of the cardiac impulse, defined as the distance traveled by the depolarization wave during the functional refractory period, in isolated narrow strips of rabbit atrium. During control, wavelength was 42 mm during pacing with 2 Hz, and was 28 mm at the maximum pacing rate; early premature beats had a wavelength as short as 23 mm. Administration of carbamylcholine (4 X ...

The maximum traffic load that can be supported by a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical burst switched (OBS) network with dynamic wavelength allocation is studied. It is shown that it depends on the requirements of the class of service and on the efficiency of the dynamic routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithm employed. Two methods to build the bursts are presented as well ...