Four categories of natural resistance phenomena against Mareks disease in chickens, i.e., maternal antibody, age resistance, genetic resistance, and natural immunization, are described. In nature, these forms of resistance probably act in concert through comlex interrelationships. The mechanisms are not well understood but include humoral immunity (maternal antibody), cell-mediated immunity, an...

infectious bronchitis (ib) and newcastle disease (nd) are highly contagious and the most economically important diseases of the poultry affecting respiratory tract and causing economic losses in poultry industry throughout the world. in the present study, the simultaneous detection and differentiation of causative agents of these diseases were investigated using duplex-rt-pcr. rna was extracted...

newcastle disease (nd) is one of the most important diseases that affect birds; the epizootic nature of the disease has caused severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. in this experiment nd virus (ndv) was inactivated by two different chemicals binary ethylenimine (bei) and formaldehyde. formaldehyde was used at 0.1%, while bei was used at concentrations of 1 to 4 mm. ndv inact...

infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) infects young chickens and causes serious lose to the poultry industry, worldwide. previous attempts using purified bacterially expressed ibdv vp2 failed to elicit a protective immune response to the virus. this study was designed to investigate if the initial expressed protein contained neutralizing epitopes but became nonfunctional during purification st...

abstract background and aims: newcastle disease (nd) is a highly contagious disease that affects many species of birds and causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide and the pathogenicity of newcastle disease virus (ndv) strains varies with different virulence. we aim to detect lentogenic (low virulence) nd virus (nd/ir 2010) using sentinel birds and molecular detectio...

marek’s disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens characterized by lymphocyticinfiltration of various organs. the present study was an attempt to use polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tooptimize a rapid and reliable assay for detection of mdv genome. detection of serotype 1 of mdv (mdv-1)was confirmed by presence of a 200 bp dna fragment as a pcr product. differentiation of mdv-1 ...

results of 351 patients, 76 patients (group 1) had a strong positive result for salivary occult blood test and 275 patients (group 2) had weak positive or negative test results. significant factors between the groups were obesity, level of ast, alt, ldh, alp, alb, d.bil, t.cho, afp, platelets (plt), iri, homa-ir, current interferon (ifn) treatment and the daily frequency of tooth brushing. betw...

context hepatitis b vaccination of hemodialysis patients is performed all over the world. there are also recommendations from world health organizations to vaccinate patients with chronic kidney disease (ckd) prior dialysis commencement, but the implementation of a hepatitis b vaccination program is less common and not well organized. evidence acquisition this review article summarizes data ind...