Background: Spermatozoa are germ cells that have a pivotal role at fertilisation. Infertility is a problem with a large magnitude. Sperm damages are one of the factors that cause infertility. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2−U) or molecules and/or hydroxyl radical (UOH) affect both male and female gametes. Cyclosporine A (CsA), a neutral lipophil...

by late 18th or early 19th century, albino rats became the most commonly used experimental animals in numerous biomedical researches, as they have been recognized as the preeminent model mammalian system. but, the precise correlation between age of laboratory rats and human is still a subject of debate. a number of studies have tried to detect these correlations in various ways. but, have not s...

we present unusual retained remnants of hidden conjoined twin of possible abdominal pagus after 21 years who presented with abdomenpain and incidentally have found his forbidden conjoined twin. he presented for many years with a palpable epigastric mass, and recent abdominal pain, early satiety, nausea and vomiting. the mass was a like deformed fetus weighing 815 gr who was anencephalic and dep...

Rat urine contains many volatile constituents that may be used for chemical communication. The levels of certain urinary volatiles are strongly dependent on the sex and endocrine status (e.g., puberty). We performed chemical and behavioral studies to identify the volatiles in adult male rat urine that attract mature females. Our results demonstrated that adult male rats have higher levels of 2-...

background: sex steroids and their receptors exist in hippocampus and affect spatial learning and memory. this study was designed to measure testosterone level of ca1 and to assess the effect of spatial learning on its amount in left and right hippocampus of adult male rats. methods: sixteen rats were divided into two intact and castrated groups, and then trained in morris water maze (mwm). ano...

background and aims: leptin is a hormone known to control appetite and body weight. the leptin levels in obese animals are always more than animals with normal size. a wide variety of methods have been offered to treat obesity of which herbal therapy is considered as one of these methods. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of asian red ginseng on leptin ser...

Introduction:The hippocampus is one for the major centers of learning and memory. Role of the opioid system has been investigated and on the other hand receptors related to this system such as mu-opioid receptors (MOR) are extended in the hippocampus. In this study the effect of Naloxone administration as a mu opioid receptor antagonist on passive avoidance memory in adult male rats was i...

objective: evaluation of the effects of toxoplasma gondii infection on spermatogenesis in male rats. materials and methods: the rh strain of t. gondii tachyzoites were injected interaperitoneally in an infected group of 35 rats, while 21 rats were used as controls. each ten days from 10- 70 days of post-infection (pi), 5 rats from infected group and 3 rats from control group were scarified. t...