Osmosis is a physical phenomenon that has been extensively studied by scientists in various disciplines of science and engineering. Early researchers studied the mechanism of osmosis through natural materials, and from the 1960s, special attention has been given to osmosis through synthetic materials. Following the progress in membrane science in the last few decades, especially for reverse osm...

Seawater desalination for agricultural irrigation will be an important contributor to satisfying growing water demands in water scarce regions. Irrigated agriculture for food production drives global water demands, which are expected to increase while available supplies are further diminished. Implementation of reverse osmosis, the current leading technology for seawater desalination, has been ...

Reverse osmosis (RO) technology has been widely applied to water treatment such as seawater desalination, and large RO plants are many in operation around the world. Moreover, much larger plants will be required to secure sufcient water resource in the near future because global water shortage and quality problems are still getting more serious. Mega-ton Water System pr...

Seawater desalination plants discharge brine which is at higher salt concentration than the supplied seawater feed. Diluting this brine by mixing it with the lower concentration feed (seawater) will reduce the environmental hazards associated with the high salt concentration of the disposed brine. Energy can be generated from the dilution process in which two streams of different salt concentra...

Seawater reverse osmosis desalination (SWRO) requires less energy compared with the distillation method and thus is an important technology except Middle Eastern countries whereenergy costs are higher. Recently, even Middle Eastern countries where the distillation method is still a major technology, have begun adopting the RO method in new desalinationplants in line with government ...

Desalination that produces clean freshwater from seawater holds the promise of solving the global water shortage for drinking, agriculture and industry. However, conventional desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis and thermal distillation involve large amounts of energy consumption, and the semipermeable membranes widely used in reverse osmosis face the challenge to provide a high th...

Since 2001, the membrane industry has made significant strides in reverse osmosis technology, especially in seawater reverse osmosis. Hydranautics has been in the forefront of this development. Four years ago, SWC3 was the leading seawater membrane in the industry with a capacity of 5900 gpd and 99.7% average sodium chloride rejection at standard test conditions. Today, the SWC5 leads the indus...