Background: Toll like receptors play a major role in immune responses against Leishmania parasites. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with live attenuated L. major and TLR4 agonist in protection against L. major infection. Methods: Attenuated L. major was prepared by continuous sub-culturing of the parasite. A total of 90 mice were assigned to 9 groups including 6 groups of BAL...

BACKGROUND Currently there is no vaccine available in use against any form of leishmaniases worldwide. OBJECTIVE To assess potential of a live-attenuated Leishmania major promastigates, for protection against a challenge infection with L. major in BALB/c mice. DESIGN A laboratory based study. SETTING Study was carried out at Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical...

shigella species (spp.) are gram-negative bacteria that are responsible for shigellosis. although it can be controlled via antibiotics, increasing number of antibiotic resistant isolates of shigella have been reported. therefore, other strategies such as production of specific vaccine against this organism could be a suitable therapeutic approach. attenuated live vaccines produced by gene delet...

OBJECTIVE Live attenuated influenza vaccine may protect against wild-type influenza illness shortly after vaccine administration by innate immunity. The 2003-2004 influenza A (H3N2) outbreak arrived early, and the circulating strain was antigenically distinct from the vaccine strain. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of influenza vaccines for healthy school-aged chi...

BACKGROUND Novel vaccination approaches are needed to prevent leishmaniasis. Live attenuated vaccines are the gold standard for protection against intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania and there have been new developments in this field. The nonpathogenic to humans lizard protozoan parasite, Leishmania (L) tarentolae, has been used effectively as a vaccine platform against visceral leishman...

BACKGROUND Universal vaccination of children 6 to 59 months of age with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine has recently been recommended by U.S. advisory bodies. To evaluate alternative vaccine approaches, we compared the safety and efficacy of intranasally administered live attenuated influenza vaccine with those of inactivated vaccine in infants and young children. METHODS Children 6 t...

Protective immunity against Leishmania major is provided by s.c. immunization with a low dose of L. major promastigotes or with dihydrofolate-thymidylate synthase gene locus (DHFR-TS) gene knockout L. major organisms. Whether these vaccine strategies will protect against infection with other Leishmania species that elicit distinct immune responses and clinical syndromes is not known. Therefore,...