background and objectives: multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. this is due to migration of peripherally activated lymphocytes to central nervous system leading to inflammatory lesions. however, liver has an anti-inflammatory microenvironment. myelin expression in the liver of transgenic mice suppresses inflammatory lesions within central nervous system. ...

Bis(cyclopropylethynyl)zirconocene shows a bisected conformation in the crystal: the magnitude of the stabilizing conjugation of the Cp2Zr Lewis acid centre with the cyclopropyl substituent across the connecting C[triple bond]C triple bond is assessed by DFT calculations and a comparison with a series of cationic organic and organometallic reference systems.

Impulsivity, a tendency toward immediate action without consideration of future consequences, is associated with a wide array of problematic behaviors. Response impulsivity, a type of behaviorally-assessed impulsivity characterized by behavioral disinhibition, is also associated with health risk behaviors. Response impulsivity is distinct from choice impulsivity, which is characterized by intol...

In this introduction we set out some salient themes that will help structure understanding of a complex set of intersecting issues discussed in this special issue on the work of Marc Lewis: (1) conceptual foundations of the disease model, (2) tolerating the disease model given socio-political environments, and (3) A third wave: refining conceptualization of addiction in the light of Lewis's model.

Wheel-running activity of LEW/Ztm rats is characterized by a multimodal pattern consisting of two activity bouts about 3-5 h apart. In this study we investigated the development of activity rhythms in LEW rats born and raised under three different photoperiods (LD 18:6, LD 12:12, and LD 6:18). Wheel-running activity was measured for 6 weeks in LD and for another 6 weeks in constant darkness (DD...

We report a mechanistically based study of bifunctional catalyst systems in which chiral nucleophiles work in conjunction with Lewis acids to produce beta-lactams in high chemical yield, diastereoselectivity, and enantioselectivity. Chiral cinchona alkaloid derivatives work best when paired with Lewis acids based on Al(III), Zn(II), Sc(III), and, most notably, In(III). Homogeneous bifunctional ...

An orthotopic penetrating keratoplasty model was developed in the rat. An oversized (0.5 mm) graft was used and 8 interrupted sutures were applied. These sutures were not removed. Eleven grafts out of 13 were rejected by the 3rd week in the disparate group (Brown Norway rat to Lewis rat transplantation group), which was characterized by edema, opacity, and neovascularization. All grafts remaine...

Wheel-running activity patterns were studied in two inbred rat strains (ACI/Ztm and LEW/Ztm) under 24-h light-dark cycles with various photoperiods. The ACI strain was characterized by a unimodal activity pattern, whereas the LEW strain exhibited a multimodal activity pattern consisting of two activity bouts about 3-5 h apart. Harmonic spectral analyses and chi square periodograms revealed stra...

BACKGROUND: Some research indicates that the Wistar and Sprague Dawley rats belong to closed colony strains, rather than inbred strains, which not only has some hereditary stability but also genetic polymorphism. Thus, the Wistar to SD rat liver transplantation models may not be the ideal models to study the acute rejection of rat liver transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To establish an acute rejectio...

AIM The purpose of this research was to use metabolomics to investigate the cystic phenotype in the Lewis polycystic kidney rat. METHODS Spot urine samples were collected from four male Lewis control and five male Lewis polycystic kidney rats aged 5 weeks, before kidney function was significantly impaired. Metabolites were extracted from urine and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectr...