It is obvious that in our country, a large part of capital and budget of projects is spent for training and experience of managers who is responsible for managing and guiding the projects, while the experience may be archived in chest or shelves of managers and other executives. In most of projects, there are using trial and error methods in using of experiences and knowledge, as a result large...

Brazil was one of the first countries in Latin America to institutionalize a National Environmental Policy in 1981, including the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process of economic activities with anticipated impacts on the environment. Today, EIA practice in Brazil comes with a number of limitations: it is constrained by its environmental advocacy role; application is strongly oriented ...

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol has a dual objective: to encourage low-cost emission reduction and to promote sustainable development in the host countries of CDM projects. The CDM has by and large delivered on the first objective but arguably not on the second. This paper assesses quantitatively the form and prevalence of co-benefits in CDM projects. Adopting a broa...

In modern businesses, firms face new challenges of managerial retention in capital budgeting process. We consider a model in which a manager privately observes the capital productivity of a project and has access to multiple outside financing options. We show that if the manager can obtain funding from either internal or external capital (but not both), the firm may exclude highly profitable in...

This guideline reviews the introduction and development of business planning in the National Health Service. A guideline for writing a business case for service development that would form part of a pathology business plan has been developed. This guideline outlines six steps that are required in the preparation of a business case. The format of the guideline has been developed largely from oth...

This guideline reviews the introduction and development of business planning in the National Health Service. A guideline for writing a business case for service development that would form part of a pathology business plan has been developed. This guideline outlines six steps that are required in the preparation of a business case. The format of the guideline has been developed largely from oth...

While popular science writers typically describe the benefits to be derived from their favorite very large space development project in detail, their treatment of the crucial initial capitalization of such projects is typically sparse or implausible. Capitalization is a crucial problem for these projects because the total capital investment required is very large and the investment takes a very...

The level of risk associated with delivering large-scale oil and gas capital projects is ka_faÕ[Yfl\m] lgì] k[ Yd] $[ gehd] palqYf\af`]j] flmf[] jlYaflqYkkg[aYl ] \oaì l `] e& >gjdYj_] $ fgn] dhjgb][ lk $ l ` ] j ] Yj ] ka_faÕ [ YfljakcklgnYdm ] Ykkg [ aYl ] \oaì ghlaearaf_ concept selection and front-end design. Thereafter , the management of change becomes critical due to the large knock-on i...