We have investigated the effect of pressure on imidazolium C-H---O interactions in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (EMI(+)TFSA(-))/L64 and EMI(+)TFSA(-)/1,4-dioxane mixtures. The addition of Pluronic L64 to EMI(+)TFSA(-) leads to appreciable changes in band frequencies and shapes of the imidazolium C-H stretching bands. A possible explanation is the formation of C-...

Intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA (pDNA) to express a therapeutic protein is a promising method for the treatment of many diseases. However, the therapeutic applications are usually hindered by gene delivery efficiency and expression level. In this study, critical factors in a pDNA-based gene therapy system, such as gene delivery materials, a therapeutic gene, and its regulatory elements, ...

This review presents some examples obtained by molecular techniques in the study of non-ionic reverse micelles of poly(ethylene oxide) type surfactants: tetraethylene glycol mono-ndodecyl ether (C12E4), Triton X-100, and triblok copolymers poly(ethylene oxide)-blockpoly(propylene oxide)-blockpoly(ethylene oxide) (L62 and L64 Pluronics). By using specific spectral parameters of spin, fluorescenc...

Liability laws designed to compensate for harms caused by defective products may also affect innovation. We examine this issue exploiting a major quasi-exogenous increase in liability risk faced US suppliers of polymers used manufacture medical implants. Difference-in-difference analyses show that surge suppliers’ had large and negative impact on downstream innovation implants, but it no signif...

Recent mode coupling theory (MCT) calculations show that if a short-range attractive interaction is added to the pure hard sphere system, one may observe a new type of glass originating from the clustering effect (the attractive glass) as a result of the attractive interaction. This is in addition to the known glass-forming mechanism due to the cage effect in the hard sphere system (the repulsi...

XopN is a type III effector protein from Xanthomonas campestris pathovar vesicatoria that suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in tomato. Previous work reported that XopN interacts with the tomato 14-3-3 isoform TFT1; however, TFT1's role in PTI and/or XopN virulence was not determined. Here we show that TFT1 functions in PTI and is a XopN virulence target. Virus-induced gene silencing of T...

Two-phase aqueous systems have replaced and simplified steps in extraction purification processes, especially for biocompounds. Thus, this study evaluated the liquid-liquid equilibrium behavior of Pluronic L64 + water sodium salts at pH 5.0, 7.5, 10.0. Sodium sulfate demonstrated greatest phase separation, followed by citrate tartrate. Higher values resulted larger biphasic regions. The polymer...

We have studied the solubilization behavior of tributylphosphate (TBP) in aqueous solutions of L64-Pluronics, using light and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Varying the temperature and the oil content, the system presents a nontrivial phase behavior. In particular, at 308 K, a first solubilization followed by an emulsification failure and a resolubilization is found. We have measured th...