For a given graph G, the square of G, denoted by G2, is a graph with the vertex set V(G) such that two vertices are adjacent if and only if the distance of these vertices in G is at most two. A graph G is called squared if there exists some graph H such that G= H2. A function f:V(G) {0,1,2…, k} is called a coloring of G if for every pair of vertices x,yV(G) with d(x,y)=1 we have |f(x)-f(y)|2 an...

Given two k-independent sets I and J of a graph G, one can ask if it is possible to transform the one into the other in such a way that, at any step, we replace one vertex of the current independent set by another while keeping the property of being independent. Deciding this problem, known as the Token Jumping (TJ) reconfiguration problem, is PSPACE-complete even on planar graphs. Ito et al. p...

Robertson and Seymour proved that every graph with sufficiently large treewidth contains a large grid minor. However, the best known bound on the treewidth that forces an l × l grid minor is exponential in l. It is unknown whether polynomial treewidth suffices. We prove a result in this direction. A grid-like-minor of order l in a graph G is a set of paths in G whose intersection graph is bipar...

Robertson and Seymour proved that every graph with sufficiently large treewidth contains a large grid minor. However, the best known bound on the treewidth that forces an l × l grid minor is exponential in l. It is unknown whether polynomial treewidth suffices. We prove a result in this direction. A grid-like-minor of order l in a graph G is a set of paths in G whose intersection graph is bipar...

Robertson and Seymour proved that every graph with sufficiently large treewidth contains a large grid minor. However, the best known bound on the treewidth that forces an l × l grid minor is exponential in l. It is unknown whether polynomial treewidth suffices. We prove a result in this direction. A grid-like-minor of order l in a graph G is a set of paths in Gwhose intersection graph is bipart...

It is proved that if G is a plane embedding of a K4-minor-free graph with maximum degree ∆, then G is entirely 7-choosable if ∆ ≤ 4 and G is entirely (∆+2)-choosable if ∆ ≥ 5; that is, if every vertex, edge and face of G is given a list of max{7,∆+2} colours, then every element can be given a colour from its list such that no two adjacent or incident elements are given the same colour. It is pr...

let $g$ be a non-abelian finite group. in this paper, we prove that $gamma(g)$ is $k_4$-free if and only if $g cong a times p$, where $a$ is an abelian group, $p$ is a $2$-group and $g/z(g) cong mathbb{ z}_2 times mathbb{z}_2$. also, we show that $gamma(g)$ is $k_{1,3}$-free if and only if $g cong {mathbb{s}}_3,~d_8$ or $q_8$.

In 1988, Vazirani gave an NC algorithm for computing the number of perfect matchings in K3,3-minor-free graphs by building on Kasteleyn’s scheme for planar graphs, and stated that this “opens up the possibility of obtaining an NC algorithm for finding a perfect matching in K3,3-free graphs.” In this paper, we finally settle this 30-year-old open problem. Building on the recent breakthrough resu...

An even-cycle decomposition of a graph G is a partition of E(G) into cycles of even length. Evidently, every Eulerian bipartite graph has an even-cycle decomposition. Seymour (1981) proved that every 2-connected loopless Eulerian planar graph with an even number of edges also admits an even-cycle decomposition. Later, Zhang (1994) generalized this to graphs with no K5-minor. Our main theorem gi...