To reduce the GHG emissions of IP over WDM networks, we introduce renewable energy usage at each network node and design the networks considering the state of renewable energy available at each node location. Results indicate that the designed network can save up to 50% or more non-renewable energy consumption in the example scenarios considered here compared with the design method which simply...

abstract intensive and inefficient use of energy leads to degradation of natural resources and environmental problems. this study evaluated the relationship between the energy of consumed inputs and yield of tomato, cucumber and melon using the cobb–douglas production function. the data were collected from 90 farmers in firoozabad using a questionnaire. the farmers were chosen by simple random ...

This paper presents a developed method for controlling multi-renewable energy generators. The control system depends basically on three sensors (wind anemometer, solar sensor, and voltage sensor). These sensors represent PLC’s analogue inputs. Controlling the output voltage supply can be achieved by an enhanced method of interlocking between the renewable energy generators, depending on those s...

The intermittent nature of the renewable energies increases the operation costs of conventional generators. As the share of energy supplied by renewable sources increases, these costs also increase. In this paper, we quantify these costs by developing a market clearing price of energy in the presence of renewable energy and congestion constraints. We consider an electricity market where generat...

Decision support based upon risk analysis into comparison of the electricity generation from different renewable energy technologies can provide information about their effects on the environment and society. The aim of this paper is to develop the assessment framework regarding risks to health and environment, and the society’s benefits of the electric power plant generation from different ren...

This paper focuses on the integration of hybrid renewable energy resources available in remote isolated islands of Sundarban-24 Parganas-South of Eastern part of India to National Grid of conventional power supply to give a Smart-Grid scenario. Before grid-integration, feasibility of optimization of hybrid renewable energy system is monitored through an Intelligent Controller proposed to be ins...

Content Analysis of Elementary School Textbooks in Terms of Covering Renewable Energy Sources     E. Saalehi Omraan, Ph.D.* M. Aabedini Beltork, Ph.D.** G. Mehralitabaar Firoozjaa’i***   The world is facing an energy crisis brought about by the ever increasing consumption of fossil fuels that leads to pollution and health problems. The renewable clean energies must b...

research topics dealing with the application of the markal model have been quite common in the last 20+ years. every new paper has added new insight into the potential of using such a model for a variety of purposes. not only global but also local applications have shown both limits and benefits when dealing with manifold energy-environmental-resources optimal management. the aim of this wo...