this study investigated the utility of all of the above (aota) as a test option in multiple-choice items. it aimed at estimating item fit, item difficulty, item discrimination, and guess factor of such a choice. five reading passages of the key english test (ket, 2010) were adapted. the test was reconstructed in 2 parallel forms: test 1 did not include the abovementioned alternative, whereas te...

When constructing a test, an initial decision is choosing an appropriate item response format which can be classified as selected or constructed. In large-scale tests where time and finance are of concern, the use of response chosen known as multiple-choice items is quite widespread. This study aimed at investigating the impact of response format on the performance of structure tests. Concurren...

Person-fit statistics test whether the likelihood of a respondent's complete vector of item scores on a test is low given the hypothesized item response theory model. This binary information may be insufficient for diagnosing the cause of a misfitting item-score vector. The authors propose a comprehensive methodology for person-fit analysis in the context of nonparametric item response theory. ...