nowadays, planning is no longer considered merely a scientific and technical career nor agovernment responsibity. it rather functions as a bridge connecting the planners to institutional changes. in otherwords, the planning theory does not develop in a social, economic and political vacuum, but is formulated byindividuals in social situations with the aim of clarifying the enviroment recommendi...

spatial planning system of a country is the array of its planning systems. getting familiar with spatial planning system of different countries and their experiences could help for comparison and accommodation so that making decision and defining appropriate planning system could be done. this article has studied the spatial planning system of portugal and since there are different factors affe...

analyzing spatial planning system in different countries could help make appropriate decisions to improve functional system of planning in our country. belgium, inspite of its limited area, has a unique planning system which is derived from political and social condition. belgium has a federal system which is composed of three cultural societies and three economic regions. spatial planning is i...

this paper considers the spatial planning system in russian federation. study of spatial planning system of russia specifies three different stages from each other. the first phase consists of the sixteenth century until the early twentieth century. in this period, base of the spatial planning was formed and gradually developed during approximately 400 years. the next phase is devoted to soviet...

at the beginning of the twentieth century, most countries in response to the complexities and problems of urbanization began their first actions of spatial planning. switzerland is not excluded from this list and started spatial planning acts from the lowest level and today, after more than a century, is continuing with emphasis on spatial planning principles of sustainability, public and priva...

Nowadays, planning is no longer considered merely a scientific and technical career nor agovernment responsibity. It rather functions as a bridge connecting the planners to institutional changes. In otherwords, the planning theory does not develop in a social, economic and political vacuum, but is formulated byindividuals in social situations with the aim of clarifying the enviroment recommendi...

this paper takes a close look at the process of evolution of france’s spatial planning system. the rich background and solid approach of spatial planning in france, introduces this country as one of the pioneers of planning in various levels from local to urban and regional scales. the vision of this country during last decades especially in the field of spatial-physical development planning an...

iranian traditional cities were created with a system based on experiments and gradual establishment of society through time. qajar era is especially important in iranian art history. until mid qajar era, iranian cities’s architecture mainly took benefit of its common traditional architecture that is already seen in most desert-surrounding cities. till this era, there was not any connection bet...