in the system of international law, individuals enjoy some rights and states are initially obliged to grant of these rights, especially in the field of human rights and humanitarian law. if this obligation is not fulfilled, the responsible state has to compensate the injured individuals based on special rules of treaty laws and general rules of international responsibility, including customary ...

the fact that no state may benefit from its wrongful act, be it either commission or omission, is a well established principle of international law which originates from the fundamental principle of good faith. when states conclude a dispute settlement agreement and accept to refer a dispute to an international arbitration or judicial proceedings under bilateral or multilateral treaties, they a...

nuclear facilities, though have large advantages for human being, they also creates heavy hazards. thus, the question of civil liability resulted from events of mentioned facilities are so significant. this paper studies the question of the basis and the responsible for compensation resulted from aforementioned events in international instruments, iran and french law. outcome of this study show...

cases where bayt al-mal is responsible for payment of compensation are sometimes accompanied by intensification of compensation. the question is that whether bayt al-mal should pay the intensified compensation in such cases. this question has not been answered in juristic and, legal texts. in addition to causing difference in opinions, it has caused courts to doubt generalization of the intensi...

punitive damages are not compensation for injury and is levied to punish reprehensible conduct of defendant and to deter its future occurrence. common law is the base of this approach. according to the u.k. house of lords, there are some restrictions in levying this kind of damage. these restrictions have been fully respected by the courts of all the commonwealth states except australia and the...