geophysical fluids such as atmosphere and ocean often have stable density stratification; hence internal gravity waves are generated and propagated through them which are important in momentum and energy transfer in these media. these waves are also believed to generate layered structures in such media. recently there have been numerous theoretical, experimental and numerical studies on the way...

ocean waters often show layered structures especially where exchange flow between two basins occurs. these structures are often attributed to processes such as double.diffusive convection, internal waves, turbulent modulated mixing. in this paper by examining the vertical structures of temperature, salinity and density, of the middle parts of caspian sea it is shown that such layered structure ...

We describe a new laboratory technique that has been developed to examine the structure and amplitude of internal waves. As well as being relatively inexpensive to set up, the technique is sensitive to small density fluctuations: heat rising from a hand can easily be seen. If the internal wave field is uniform across the span of the tank, then the density gradient field can be measured non-intr...

The basic theory of internal solitary waves is reviewed, with the main emphasis on applications to the many observations of such waves in shallow coastal seas, fjords, lakes and in the atmospheric boundary layer. Commencing with the equations of motion for an inviscid, incompressible density-stratified fluid, we describe asymptotic reductions to model long-wave equations, including the well-kno...

The solitary waves that have been observed in the atmosphere fall broadly into two classes: those that propagate in a fairly shallow stratified layer near the ground and those that occupy the entire troposphere. We present a survey of the observations of both types of solitary waves. The generation mechanisms differ substantially for these two types of solitary waves. Those that propagate in a ...

Ocean waves move due to gravity: the water at crests is heavier than the air surrounding it and so it falls, overshoots its equilibrium position and then at a trough feels an upward restoring force. The same phenomena occurs below the ocean surface. Cold water lifted upward into warmer surroundings will feel a downward buoyancy force and downwarddisplaced warm water will feel an upward buoyancy...

[1] The evolution and breaking of internal solitary waves in a shallow upper layer as they approach a constant bottom slope is examined through laboratory experiments. The waves are launched in a two-layer fluid through the standard lock-release method. In most experiments, the wave amplitude is significantly larger than the depth of the shallow upper layer so that they are not well described b...