Acute and chronic pain control is a significant clinical challenge that has been largely unmet. Local anesthetics are widely used for the control of post-operative pain and in the therapy of acute and chronic pain. While a variety of approaches are currently used to prolong the duration of action of local anesthetics, an optimal strategy to achieve neural blockage for several hours to days with...

Although neonatal frenotomy is not a new procedure, there seems to be an increased incidence over the past decade. Even with some controversy over the utility of the procedure and its benefits to the breast-feeding child, more neonates are being referred for ankyloglossia related frenulum repairs as breast-feeding has gained popularity. The frenulum is poorly innervated and does not necessarily...

the viewpoint of not only animal welfare but also the reliability of pharmacological studies. The type of anesthetics used may vary depending on the type of experiment required or the study design. Some anesthetics have cardioor renoprotective effects, which may be relevant in designing ischemiareperfusion protocols. Several studies have examined the influence of commonly used anesthetics on th...

OBJECTIVE Local anesthetics are believed to be the most frequently used drugs in clinical dentistry, and although they are generally regarded as safe, some adverse reactions can be expected and do occur. The purpose of this study was to obtain, by means of a mail survey, information on the types and amounts of local anesthetics used by Ontario dentists during 2007. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sur...

A balanced anesthesia protocol is called perfect when it has fast induction, excellent recovery, the least effect on the cardiopulmonary system and sufficient analgesia. Many of anesthetic combinations have an analgesic effect without opioids. However, at the end of anesthesia, analgesia decreases or is incomplete. The purpose of this study was to evaluate anesthesia times, ele...

Alcohols, inhaled anesthetics, and some injectable anesthetics inhibit the function of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, but the mechanisms responsible for this inhibition are not fully understood. Recently, it was shown that ethanol inhibition of NMDA receptors was reduced by mutation of residues in the transmembrane (TM) segment 3 of the NR1 subunit (F639A) or in TM4 of the NR2A subunit ...

BACKGROUND Injections into or adjacent to soft tissue structures, including muscle, tendon, bursa, and fascia, for pain relief and an earlier return to play have become common in the field of sports medicine. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. RESULTS Corticosteroids, local anesthetics, and ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol) are the most commonly used injectable agents in athletes. The use of thes...

Continuous delivery of local anesthetics might be useful for management of localized and chronic pain. Controlled release injectable anesthetics have been developed but they can deliver the drug for only few days and the release is not zero-order. A drug delivery system (DDS) consisting of a perforated reservoir for drug containment and release and its potential for management of chronic pain i...

Isoflurane is the anesthetic of choice for most avian anesthetic procedures. However, inhalation anesthesia is not always available in field situations involving wild birds, although small portable inhalation anesthesia units are available. Certain surgical procedures, such as tracheal resection, may warrant the use of injectable anesthesia regardless of whether or not an anesthesia machine is ...