Mitochondria contain their own DNA (mtDNA), which codes for 13 proteins (all subunits of the respiratory chain complexes), 22 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs. Several mtDNA point mutations as well as deletions have been shown to be causative in well-defined mitochondrial disorders. A mixture of mutated and wild type mtDNA (heteroplasmy) is found in most of these disorders. Inheritance of mtDNA is maternal, a...

Introduction: The ability of pathogenic microorganisms of obtaining iron from host is essential for its survival. Microorganisms require iron for a variety of metabolic processes, so they synthesize and secrete small organic molecules called siderophores that actively chelate iron. The study was carried out to compare the results of siderophore produced by commensals & clinical isolates and co-...

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strains are E.coli strains with enhanced ability to cause infection outside the intestinal tract such as in the blood stream, cerebrospinal fluid, or urinary tract of mammalian and human hosts (Johnson and Russo., 2002). The barrier between commensalism and virulence results from a complex balance involving host condition, presence and express...

Geminiviridae is a large family of single stranded DNA plant viruses, transmitted by white fly Bamesia tabacci, and they are the major causes of huge agro-economical losses worldwide. Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) belongs to the genus begomovirus, the predominant variety of geminiviruses in northern part of Indian subcontinent. It has bipartite genome, which replicates via rolling ...

These days our society is combating against a neurodegenerative disease called Alzheimer’s disease which is an age-related dementia. The concern has become graver as the disease may not be a necessary outcome in the oldest old and may even thrive in an age of thirties or forties. Alzheimer’s impairs a person’s cognitive ability and gradually leads to loss of bodily functions, making them depend...

abstract the pythium spp. are known as the principle agents of seedling blight, damping-off and root rot of cucurbits. this study was performed for determination of pythium species involved in this diseases as well study their pathogenecity on different cucurbits. the numerous samples were taken at cultivation seasons 2006- 2007 from the fields of cucumber, tomato, egg plant, muskmelon, cucurbi...

one of the issues in the field of inheritance is the inheritance of credential-right by the wife from the husband’s trades. unfortunately, iranian statute law has not specified this verdict, and article 445 of civil law merely states that: ‘each of the credentials, after death, is transferred to the heir.’ although the ruling is applicable to the mentioned article regarding the inheritance of c...