background and objectives: informal payment in the health settings is a significant challenge facing the health system, with consequences such as inequity in access to healthcare services, distrust to health care system, and dissatisfied customers. detailed identification of the nature of the problem is perquisite to developing relevant overcoming strategies. given that, this study aimed at pro...

Background and Objectives: Informal payment in the health settings is a significant challenge facing the health system, with consequences such as inequity in access to healthcare services, distrust to health care system, and dissatisfied customers. Detailed identification of the nature of the problem is perquisite to developing relevant overcoming strategies. Given that, this study aimed at pro...

We describe foundations and design principles of a tool that supports authoring of informal and formal software requirements specifications simultaneously and from a single source. The tool is an attempt to bridge the gap between completely informal requirements specifications (as found in practice) and formal ones (as needed in formal methods). The user is supported by an interactive syntax-di...

newspaper is not merely a tool for showing sufferings, but  considered as a tool for expressing thought that receives its effect from power of words. satirical literature has taken up a great area of the newspaper to express different issues. expressing sufferings in a humorous way makes the audience or reader laugh and is useful as a sharp tool for warning about defects. egyptian journalist , ...

In systematic reviews, evidence-based practice and journal clubs critical appraisal tools are used to rate research papers. However, little evidence exists on whether the critical appraisal tool, subject matter knowledge or research design knowledge affect the appraisal of research papers. A match paired randomised trial was conducted in August/September 2010 in the Faculty of Medicine, Health ...