aim and background: biological, psychological and social phenomenon of substance abuse in adolescents is one of the most critical issues facing modern societies. one of the major concerns of the health and social policy makers is the increasing prevalence of addictive behaviors, particularly tobacco smoking in this age group. prevalence and trends toward high-risk behaviors among adolescents in...

poverty is a widespread problem not only inflicting poor nations, but also nations like the united states of america. in the history of the united states, women and racial minorities had always been persistently struggling with poverty. this paper intends to investigate poverty among hispanic women between 2005 and 2010 and identify and analyze the relevant contributing factors. within this per...

the identification and application of the effective factors for improving the efficiency of organization’s operations are the most important aspects of each organization. developmental approaches in human resource management are a typical example of these factors which clearly indicate the importance of human resource as the organization’s main investment and a vital competitive factor. the pre...

OBJECTIVES Several risk and protective factors are associated with changes in cognitive functioning in aging adults - including physical health, depression, physical activity, and social activities - though the findings for participation in social activities are mixed. This study investigated the longitudinal association between social participation and two domains of cognitive functioning, mem...

background: since anxiety, depression and job satisfaction are considered elements related to mental health, the main objective of the present study is to survey the prison staff on the said elements. methods: the population of the study was all of the officially employed staff of the prison. (104 prisons) 80.7% of the persons who filled the questionnaires up were among the disciplinary force s...