We live an age of cultural relativism that asks how universal moral obligation can be justified. Immanuel Kant took up this challenge. His arguments can be reconstructed in a way that makes sense today.

In his famous discussion of the source of our duties concerning anirrals, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant approvingly mentions a series of engravings ( "The Four Stages of Cruelty") by the English artist William Hogarth as exemplifying one of his central contentions. [2] The approach to our duties regarding anirrals advocated by Kant holds that avoiding cruelty is the most fUndamental duty...

For Immanuel Kant, time was the very form of the inner sense, the bedrock of our consciousness and also the origin of arithmetic ability. New research on bumblebees has shown that even an invertebrate with a brain the size of a pinhead can actively sense the passage of elapsed time, allowing it to predict when certain salient events will occur in the future.