the prevalence of mental health disorders continues to rise worldwide, such that it is estimated that 1in 4 individuals will be affected by a mental health disorder at some point in their lifetime. research has found that the most prevalent mental health disorders are depressive disorder. depression is a common condition, particularly within the aging population. the development of depression, ...

the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (hpa) axis is a critical adaptive system that maximizes survival potential in the face of physical or psychological challenge. the principal end products of the hpa axis, glucocorticoid hormones, act on multiple organ systems, including the brain, to maintain homeostatic balance. the brain is a target of stress, and the hippocampus is the first brain reg...

conclusions whenever a cushingoid appearance is accompanied by adrenal insufficiency, the exogenous use of steroids, especially topical creams, should be explored. hypertension may persist even after cessation of use and may result in life threatening complications. case presentation the present report describes the cases of three children and a 25-year-old man who presented with clinical featu...

Precocious puberty is defined as the appearance of clinical signs before age 8 years in girls and 9 boys. The central origin due to a premature activation hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis from which tumor pathology must be eliminated each case. It distinguished early peripheral independent hypothalamic-pituitary stimulation adrenal or gonadal origin. In boys, precocious most often there high...

A 78-year-old Japanese man showed suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during maximum androgen blockade (MAB) therapy including chlormadinone acetate (CMA) for prostate cancer. After stopping the MAB therapy, both the basal ACTH level and the response to CRH recovered. While no reports have indicated that CMA suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with ...

results all variables reached a peak at 1 minute post-jump. salivary alpha-amylase, galvanic skin responses and heart rate did not return to basal value at 90 minutes post-jump, while cortisol returned to basal value at 90 minutes post-jump. conclusions this evidence indicates that parachute jumping is accompanied by a dissociation of sns and hpa response patterns in novice parachutists, showin...

OBJECTIVE To review the literature on neurobiological findings related to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunctions associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. METHOD The relevant scientific findings were described according to the date of publication and the characteristics of the studies: preclinical studies, studies on early life violence as a risk factor, and clinical findings r...

Adrenal Insufficiency (AI) is defined as deficient production or action of glucocorticoids resulting from either a structural damage of adrenal glands, namely ‘‘primary adrenal insufficiency’’, or an impairment of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis or ‘‘secondary adrenal disease’’ [1]. Primary AI is rare in general population, with an annual incidence of approximately 6/million adults/year and pre...

OBJECTIVE This article focuses on the differential activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. METHOD The results of recently reported reviews of the literature are summarized and discussed. RESULTS The results of experimental studies that assayed adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and prolactin show that real-life panic attac...

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis describes a complex set of positive and negative feedback influences between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland.[...].