the current study assesses the root causes of hydrogen blisters on low strength carbon steel equipment. for this purpose, some experiments including hardness test, non-destructive test (ndt), metallography, and fractograpghy are conducted. the microstructure of two blisters is assessed by means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (sem). the microstructural studies show that t...

Mo/Si multilayer mirrors are used for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. The formation of hydrogen-induced blisters in the is a problem that reduces reflectance mirror. To evaluate blister-resistance EUV mirrors, blister processes multilayers with capping layer were investigated using high-frequency hydrogen plasma system as ion source under varying exposure conditions. As result, it was ob...

Abstract. In order to study the effect of carbon impurity in plasma on tungsten first wall, hydrogen-carbon mixed ion beam was irradiated to tungsten. It was found that very small amount of carbon (~0.3% or more) significantly enhanced blister formation. According to XPS analysis, all of tungsten atoms in a top surface were combined with carbon atoms to form tungsten carbide (WC) layer (~6 nm t...

Background: Surgical treatments of vitiligo are punch grafting, blister grafting, flip-top transplantation, split skin grafting, etc aiming at rebuilding of melanocytic population in those patients who do not respond to medical treatment . The objective of this study was determination of efficacy of blister grafting technique in the treatment of vitiligo. Methods: This study was done on 10 pati...

Since a decade the blistering of pure tungsten under hydrogen implantation has been one of the major research topics in relation to the plasma-wall interaction of tungsten-armored first wall. Overall blistering may reduce the erosion lifetime of the wall. Mature blisters grown by high internal pressure are likely to burst leading to exfoliation of the surface. Therefore, the control and suppres...

This study investigated the hydrogen permeation property of cementite by fabricating bulk sample using process combining mechanical ball milling and subsequent pulse current sintering. The having a 96 vol% was successfully fabricated. prepared showed no signal during 3.5 day electrochemical test. morphology blister formed in indicated that diffusion coefficient is very small.

Hydrogen-bond acidic polymers are important high affinity materials sensitive to organophosphates in the chemical warfare agent sensor detection process. Interactions between the sensor sensitive materials and chemical warfare agent simulants were studied by inverse gas chromatography. Hydrogen bonded acidic polymers, i.e., BSP3, were prepared for micro-packed columns to examine the interaction...

The presence of excess hydrogen at the interface between a metal substrate and a protective oxide can cause blistering and spallation of the scale. However, it remains unclear how nanoscale bubbles manage to reach the critical size in the first place. Here, we perform in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy experiments of the aluminium metal/oxide interface under hydrogen exposur...

field collection in nahavand county (hamedan province, iran) revealed 9 blister beetle (col: meloidae) species from three different tribes of subfamily meloinae. in tribe mylabrini, mylabris impressa chevrolat 1837, mylabris schreibersi reiche 1865, mylabris variabilis (pallas, 1781), mylabris guerini chevrolat 1837, lydoceras bilineatus thomas 1897 and croscherichia spp. pardo alcaide identifi...