equity in access to and utilization of health services is a common goal of policy-makers in most countries. the fair allocation of human resources is one of the dimensions of equity, which was evaluated in this study.we evaluated the equity of human resources' distribution among iran's medical science universities between 2005 and 2009 by inequality measures including lorenze curve, gini coeffi...

We introduce the problem of selecting patient-donor pairs in a kidney exchange program to undergo crossmatch test, and we model this selection as two-stage stochastic integer programming problem. The optimal solutions new formulation yield larger expected number realized transplants than previous approaches based on internal recourse or subset recourse. settle computational complexity by showin...

Algorithmic recourse recommendations inform stakeholders of how to act revert unfavorable decisions. However, existing methods may recommend actions that lead acceptance (i.e., the model's decision) but do not improvement underlying real-world state). To such is fooling predictor. We introduce a novel method, Improvement-Focused Causal Recourse (ICR), which involves conceptual shift: Firstly, w...

We consider modification of the recourse data, consisting of the second-stage parameters and the underlying distribution, as an approximation technique for solving two-stage recourse problems. This approach is applied to several specific classes of mixed-integer recourse problems; in each case, the resulting recourse problem is much easier to solve.