analysis of the stresses, displacements, and horizontal strains of the ground subsidence due to underground excavation in rocks can be accomplished by means of a hybridized higher order indirect boundary element/finite difference (be/fd) formulation. a semi-infinite displacement discontinuity field is discretized (numerically) using the cubic displacement discontinuity elements (i.e. each highe...

Abs tract . After a brief description of the modern instrumentation used in Geodesy for the detection, of the deformations of the crust of the Earth, follow a list of problems and a discussion concerning the needs for the survey of -the physical quantities of in_ terest in geodesy, geology, geophysics and engineering such as the strain invariants, the optimal network of baselines and the ac_ cu...

Horizontal strain at the bottom of asphalt concrete due to repeated traffic loads is the most critical parameter in characterizing fatigue performance of flexible pavement. The study of horizontal strain is thus very important to understand the strain behavior, predict the fatigue life and implement in design and analysis. A total of twelve Horizontal Asphalt Strain Gages (HASGs), six gages ori...

Newcastle disease (ND) is a major threat to poultry industry production throughout developing countries. The Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) infecting industrialized and indigenous poultry in Iran are velogenic strains and responsible for the frequent outbreaks of ND in poultry farms even in vaccinated flocks causing serious economic losses in the commercial and indigenous poultry. However, va...

In order to realize artificial tactile sensation, we are researching the natural nerve activity timing of mechanoreceptors. Considering the energy conversion system of the Meissner corpuscle, we insist that the corpuscles encode the normal strain, particularly detecting horizontal normal strain. We observed a clear difference in the thresholds between the pushing and pulling cases. This finding...