background and aims: rubella is a contagious viral disease mostly with mild clinical symptoms and often remains undiagnosed. rubella infection may adversely affect pregnancy, especially in the first trimester and this mother to child transmission can cause congenital rubella and may be lead to permanent disability and mortality in children. effective rubella vaccine should be prepared using sui...

this experiment was conducted for evaluating the humoral immune responses induced by poly lactide-co-glycolide acid (plga) microspheres coupled inactivated newcastle disease virus (ndv) vaccine in comparison to an ‘in-house’ prepared inactivated and a live commercial vaccine. plg microparticles containing inactivated ndv were prepared by a double emulsion technique based on solvent evaporation ...

background and aims: vaccine is available, but fetal infection with rubella virus is still a main cause of congenital birth defects and mental retardation in many countries. mass vaccination campaigns and expanded program of immunization (epi) have increased vaccine coverage in the world with a substantial impact on the reduction of rubella infections, such as congenital rubella syndrome (crs)....

Haemagglutination of bluetongue virus (BTV) was demonstrated for the first time by making use of a purified preparation of the virus. The reaction was found to be independent of variations in the pH, temperature, buffer system and origin of the erythrocytes used in the test. A haemagglutination inhibition test, subsequently developed, was demonstrated to be serotype specific. The storage of the...

Because of the technical problems and length of time involved in the satisfactory performance of the haemagglutination-inhibition test for detection of rubella-specific antibodies, a commercially available passive haemagglutination (PHA) kit utilising rubella antigen-sensitised human erythrocytes was tested for its suitability for use in diagnostic laboratories. The immune response to acute rub...

The K88 antigen of Escherichia coli specifically adheres to the piglet intestinal cell; a solution of this antigen agglutinates guinea-pig red cells at 4 degrees C. The latter reaction was used as a model of the former, using inhibition of haemagglutination as an index of specific combination with the K88 adhesin. Inhibition was found with mucous glycoproteins and chemical modification of their...