Influenza is a highly contagious zoonotic disease in the world. Avian H9N2 influenza virus is a significant pandemic pathogen widely distributed throughout the world. Pet ownership has been documented as a risk factor for infection transmission to human. Considering major public health concern, the prevalence of antibodies against avian H9N2 influenza virus was evaluated in 170 serum samples of...

Background and Aims: Avian Influenza (AI) H9N2 subtype was first reported to infect turkeys in the United States in 1966 and has been panzootic in Europe and Asia. The impact of avian influenza caused by H9N2 viruses in Iran is now significantly more severe than in previous years. Methods: Sequence analysis and phylogenetic study of the complete coding region Polymerase A (PA) gene of H9N2 subt...

This article refers to:RETRACTED ARTICLE: Role of aflatoxin toxicity on transmissibility and pathogenicity H9N2 avian influenza virus in turkeys

Avian H9N2 influenza A virus has caused repeated human infections in Asia since 1998. Here we report that an H9N2 influenza virus infected a 5-year-old child in Hong Kong in 2003. To identify the possible source of the infection, the human isolate and other H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from Hong Kong poultry markets from January to October 2003 were genetically and antigenically characterize...

background and aims: avian influenza (ai) h9n2 subtype was first reported to infect turkeys in the united states in 1966 and has been panzootic in europe and asia. the impact of avian influenza caused by h9n2 viruses in iran is now significantly more severe than in previous years. methods: sequence analysis and phylogenetic study of the complete coding region polymerase a (pa) gene of h9n2 subt...

Pandemic influenza requires interspecies transmission of an influenza virus with a novel hemagglutinin (HA) subtytpe that can adapt to its new host through either reassortment or point mutations and transmit by aerosolized respiratory droplets. Two previous pandemics of 1957 and 1968 resulted from the reassortment of low pathogenic avian viruses and human subtypes of that period; however, condi...

background and objectives: a number of different subtypes of avian influenza (ai) viruses have emerged in humans includingh5n1, h7n2, h7n7 and h9n2. these influenza viruses are excreted in the infected birds and in their respiratory secretions.the aim of this study was to investigate seropositivity against h9n2 and h7n7 viruses among poultry and slaughterhouse workers with occupational risk of ...

influenza a viruses possesses two virion surface glycoproteins including haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). the na plays an important role in viral replication and promotes virus release from infected cells and facilitates virus spread throughout the body. to find out any genomic changes that might be occurred on na gene of avian influenza circulating viruses, we have genetically analy...

avian influenza is an important disease of poultry with the potential to cause major epidemics resulting in significant economic losses. the presence of avian influenza viruses (aiv) in chickens in iran has not been previously reported. an avian influenza outbreak in broiler, layer and breeder farms occurred during a very hot summer in july 1998. three aiv isolates designated as 101, 102 and 10...

background and aims: hemagglutinin (ha) protein of avian influenza (ai) plays an essential role in the virus pathogenicity. ai h9n2 subtype causes significant economic loss in broiler and layer in poultry farms in iran. ai viruses have a great involvement in evolutionary changes at nucleotide and amino acid levels and vaccines could induce faster rates of such changes. up-dated understanding of...