Right now employment of polices and tools to decrease the carbon emission through electricity generation from renewable resources is one of the most important problem in energy policy. Tradable Green Certificate (TGC) is an economics mechanism to support green power generation. Any country has the challenge to choose an appropriate policy and mechanism for design and implementation of TGC. The ...

This paper investigates three models to implement Tradable Green Certificates (TGC) system with aid of game theory approach. In particular, the competition between thermal and renewable power plants is formulated in three models: namely cooperative, Nash and Stackelberg game models. The price of TGC is assumed to be determined by the legislative body (government) which is fixed. Numerical examp...

Last year’s adoption of the Renewables Directive has provided an important stimulus for EU Member State governments to increase their renewable energy policy efforts, stipulating indicative targets for the consumption of renewable electricity in each of the Member States. This paper uses the recent experiences in the Dutch green certificate market to illustrate the possible interactions between...

Creation of an internal market for renewable electricity will involve a political negotiation process, similar to previous EU greenhouse gas negotiations. The Energy Ministers in the EU have agreed on an overall target of 22% of electricity supply from Renewable Energy Sources (RESE) and a distribution of targets over the individual Member States. The REBUS project provides insights in the effe...

Decoupling the environmental attributes of renewable energy (RE) generation from the physical unit of energy is an innovative mechanism for marketing green or renewable power. The introduction of ‘Tradable Renewable Energy Credits’ (TRECs) allows the green power attributes to be sold or traded separately from the physical unit of energy. Since the green power certificate system removes potentia...

The liberalisation of Western European electricity sectors challenged governments to revise the support systems for the reduction of market barriers of renewable technologies. One of the most frequently discussed support approaches is the imposition of legal quota obligations for the generation, trade or consumption of renewable electricity that can be implemented through tradable green certifi...

fixed feed-in tariff An offer by government or a utility to purchase electricity from renewables producers at a fixed price, regardless of the producers’ costs of production. green (renewables) certificate A certificate, provided by a regulator to renewables producers for specified units of their electricity output; can be traded to other electricity producers who need it to meet their obligati...

This paper studies a new renewable energy investment model through crowdfunding, which is motivated by emerging community solar farms. In this paper we develop a sequential game theory model to capture the interactions among crowdfunders, the solar farm owner, and an electricity company who purchases renewable energy generated by the solar farm in a multi-period framework. By characterizing a u...

For about 35 years, governments in many countries all over the world have been attempting to foster the development and diffusion of renewable energy technologies (RETs), especially for electricity generation purposes. Support systems have changed over time, from the R&D centred policies of the mid-1970s to more market oriented measures adopted in many countries in the 1990s and 2000s. One exam...

This article uses computer simulation to anticipate the price dynamics in a market for Tradable Green Certificates (TGCs). These markets have been used in Europe to promote generation of electricity from renewable resources like wind. Similar markets have been proposed in the United States of America (USA) where the certificates are called Renewable Energy Credits (RECs). The certificates are i...