The biological and palaeontological communities have approached the problem of informatics separately, creating a divide between communities that is both technological and sociological in nature. In this paper we describe one new advance towards solving this problem - expanding the Scratchpads platform to deal with geological time. In creating this system we have attempted to make our work open...

Recent research has suggested that changes in temperature and precipitation events due to climate change have had a significant impact on the availability and timing of streamflow. In this study, monthly temperature and precipitation data collected over 29 climate divisions covering the entire Colorado River basin and monthly natural flow data from 29 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gauge locatio...

The use of digital information in geological fields is becoming very important. Thus, informatization in geological surveys should not stagnate as a result of the level of data accumulation. The integration and sharing of distributed, multi-source, heterogeneous geological information is an open problem in geological domains. Applications and services use geological spatial data with many featu...

Data from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collocated-sampler program for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) are used to estimate the overall error of NADP/NTN measurements. Absolute errors are estimated by comparison of paired measurements from collocated instruments. Spatial and temporal differences in absolute error were identified and are consist...

In the well placement problem, as well as in many other field development optimization problems, geological uncertainty is a key source of risk affecting the viability of field development projects. Well placement problems under geological uncertainty are formulated as optimization problems in which the objective function is evaluated using a reservoir simulator on a number of possible geologic...

Accurate decision-making in the petroleum industry is highly contingent on building a reliable model of the subsurface geological structure. Building a model of the subsurface typically involves solving an inverse problem with acquired data for various model parameters of interest like P-wave velocity, rock porosity etc. However, issues of poor data quality necessitate regularizing the inverse ...

3D geological models become increasingly important and popular recently. But it is too difficult to share the models because of different models come from different modeling software. It is urgent to solve the problem for the unification of data management. Based on it, the paper explains basic construction and architecture if GeoSciML to discuss how to take advantage of this standard and defin...

1. Geological Time: A Summary 2. Reconstruction and Relative Dating of Earth History 2.1. Early Ideas and Basic Principles 2.2. Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism 2.3. Geological Catastrophes and Events: Particular Historical Geological Phenomena 2.4. Rates of Geological Processes in Terms of Human Timescales 2.4.1. Earth Crust Movements 2.4.2. Plutonic and Volcanic Processes 2.4.3. Weathering...

Few discoveries in geology are more important than geological time. However, for most people it is impossible to grasp because of its massive scale. In this chapter we offer a solution to this problem based on our research in cognition and education. Our strategy involves the decoupling of geological time between the macro-scale of "deep time which includes the major features of earth history, ...