abstract target-oriented approaches to translation studies are regarded as recent theories of translation. one of the most famous theories among these approaches is descriptive translation studies presented by toury (1995). this theory gives a new dimension to translation studies and gives importance to the descriptive rather than prescriptive studies. it also identifies three sets of transla...

abstract this study investigated the predictability of variables from a motivational framework as well as individuals qualities to predict three non-linguistic outcomes of language learning. gardners socio-educational model with its measures has been used in the current study. individual qualities presented in this study include (1) age, (2) gender, and (3) language learning experience. the...

efl/esl textbooks have been regarded as essential language teaching materials with which the learners spend about 70 up to 90 percent of their class time. the important role they play and their vast use make them not only influential in learning the language but also in shaping values and attitudes. put it another way, textbooks socialize learners using their contents (i.e. texts, illustrations...

هدف از این مطالعه تجزیه و تحلیل مفاهیم نقش زن و مرد(gender roles) و معکوس شدن این نقشها (gender reversals) در دو اثر رومئو و ژولیت شکسپیر و لیلی و مجنون نظامی می باشد. این مطالعه با هدف مقایسه ای نشان می دهد که، با وجود تفاوت در سبک، فرهنگ، زمان و ژانربین دنیای رومئو و ژولیت و لیلی و مجنون، هر دو جوامعی مردسالارانه می باشند که در آن ها شخصیت های اصلی هر دو اثر، رومئو، ژولیت، لیلی و مجنون، به چا...

postcolonial feminism, also dubbed as third world feminism, is an innovative approach, demonstrating the way women of colonized countries suffer from both native patriarchies and imperial ideology. also due to this double-colonization, postcolonial feminists contend that third world women are subjected to both colonial domination of empire and male domination of patriarchy. while western femini...

just as motivation is important in sla research, demotivation constitutes an important factor, too. there are many studies done on demotivation and burnout of teachers. many of these studies have been conducted on one or two aspects of english instruction. consequently, there are few studies which have been done on more than two aspects of english teaching. the aim of this study is to find out ...