Considering the high costs of the implementation and maintenance of gas distribution networks in urban areas, optimal design of such networks is vital. Today, urban gas networks are implemented within a tree structure. These networks receive gas from City Gate Stations (CGS) and deliver it to the consumers. This study presents a comprehensive model based on Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (...

One of the big concerns of big cities is facing with the increase of fossil fuel vehicles in the roads. The cars intensify greenhouse gas emission in civic centers. One approach to reduce the emission is replacing the cars by Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs). In spite of reducing the emission, PEVs have some adverse effect on electric distribution networks. Technical challenges such as load and...

one of the big concerns of big cities is facing with the increase of fossil fuel vehicles in the roads. the cars intensify greenhouse gas emission in civic centers. one approach to reduce the emission is replacing the cars by plug-in electric vehicles (pevs). in spite of reducing the emission, pevs have some adverse effect on electric distribution networks. technical challenges such as load and...

A new model for the design of the city gas distribution network has been presented. On the basis of mass flow rates and pressure balances a nonlinear system of equation is obtained. A method for solving the latter is outlined which gives accurate results. Also, this method, when compared to the other accessible ones, takes less computer time. Finally in this method the actual length of netw...

Natural gas is increasingly being used as a pure energy source. So it's valuable to reduce its total cost to be affordable for individual customer. In the past, interest was focused on efficient pipe network analysis method regardless of network cost; so many researches could be found for methods developed for network analysis. In contrast, very little researches could be developed to optimize ...

background trihalomethanes (thms) are major group of chlorinated by products, potentially hazardous and carcinogenicity of these compounds was recognized. the purpose of this study was survey on thms concentration in ahvaz drinking water. material and methods a descriptive cross-sectional study was based on 36-week sampling program during the winter, spring and summer of 2011 in water distribut...