The levels of acyclo-GMP (9([2-(phosphonooxy)ethoxy]methyl)guanine) phosphorylating activity were not significantly different in uninfected and herpes implex virus-infected Vero cells. The relative rates of phosphorylation of acyclo-GMP and GMP remained unchanged after gel filtration where both activities were observed to co-elute at a volume corresponding to a molecular weight of 22,000. Th...

Chemotactic stimulation of vegetative or aggregative Dictyostelium discoideum cells induced a transient elevation of cyclic GMP levels. The addition of chemoattractants to postvegetative cells by pulsing induced phosphodiesterase activity. The following lines of evidence suggest a messenger function for cyclic GMP in the induction of phosphodiesterase: (i) Folic acid and cyclic AMP increased cy...

The second messenger, cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), regulates diverse cellular processes in bacteria. C-di-GMP is produced by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs), degraded by phosphodiesterases (PDEs), and receptors couple c-di-GMP production to cellular responses. In many bacteria, including Vibrio cholerae, multiple DGCs and PDEs contribute to c-di-GMP signaling, and it is currently unclear whether ...

Cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is an intracellular secondary messenger which controls the biofilm life cycle in many bacterial species. High intracellular c-di-GMP content enhances biofilm formation via the reduction of motility and production of biofilm matrix, while low c-di-GMP content in biofilm cells leads to increased motility and biofilm dispersal. While the effect of high c-di-GMP levels on b...

Many bacteria mediate important life-style decisions by varying levels of the second messenger c-di-GMP. Behavioral transitions result from the coordination of complex cellular processes such as motility, surface adherence or the production of virulence factors and toxins. While the regulatory mechanisms responsible for these processes have been elucidated in some cases, the global pleiotropic ...

Bovine glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a 7,000-Da glycopolypeptide released from ?-casein during cheese making. The O-glycan chains linked to GMP have many biological activities, but their utilization for nutraceutical products limited due low content. To concentrate the functional glycan of GMP, we prepared sialylglycopeptide (SGC) GMP-containing whey protein via proteolytic digestion peptide and c...

Cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a ubiquitous bacterial signaling molecule that regulates a variety of complex processes through a diverse set of c-di-GMP receptor proteins. We have utilized a systematic approach to identify c-di-GMP receptors from the pathogen Vibrio cholerae using the Differential Radial Capillary Action of Ligand Assay (DRaCALA). The DRaCALA screen identified a majority of known ...

Generalized modus ponens (GMP) is a basic model of approximate reasoning. GMP in fuzzy propositions called ponen (FMP) and it intuitionistic (IFMP) when are generalized to propositions. In this paper, we aim investigate reasoning methods for with mixture fuzzy/intuitionistic information. For mixed types GMP, present two solve problems based on the triple I method (TIM). One transform problem in...

The 5'-ribonucleotide guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) is used widely as an umami taste stimulus and a potent flavor enhancer as it synergistically increases the umami taste elicited by monosodium glutamate. Transduction mechanisms for GMP and its synergy with glutamate are largely unknown. Using whole-cell patch-clamp and Ca(2+) imaging, we examined responses to GMP, glutamate, and a mixture o...

UNLABELLED Microorganisms use a variety of metabolites to respond to external stimuli, including second messengers that amplify primary signals and elicit biochemical changes in a cell. Levels of the second messenger cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) are regulated by a variety of environmental stimuli and play a critical role in regulating cellular processes such as biofilm formation and cellular m...