the developing turbulent flow in an open channel is a complex three-dimensional flow influenced by the secondary currents and free surface effects and is, therefore, not amenable to analytical solution. this paper aims to study the impact of three key hydraulic parameters (relative roughness, the froude number and the reynolds number) on the establishment length using computational fluid dynami...

Turbulent flow, characterized by random and chaotic fluid motion, is a common occurrence in many engineering applications, such as aerospace, wind turbines, hydroelectric power plants, chemical mixing processes. In these applications others, the turbulent flows often involve complex geometries, multiple scales of nonlinear interactions, which make it challenging to simulate predict flow behavio...