In the present study, the aim is to optimize full and half toroidal continuously variable transmission (CVT) in order to minimize the vehicle fuel consumption (FC) in ECE driving cycle. First, the model of both CVTs’ efficiency is presented. The control strategy of CVTs speed ratio based on minimizing the vehicle FC is introduced, and the algorithm of calculating the vehicle FC is shown. Afterw...

abstract: a continuously variable transmission (cvt) is a transmission which may change step less by way of an infinite variety of effective gear ratios between maximum and minimum values. this contrasts with different mechanical transmissions that solely permit just a few different distinct gear ratios to be selected. continuously variable transmissions (cvts) are mechanical devices that allow...

We derive a self-consistent equation for the turbulent transport of toroidal angular momentum in tokamaks in the low flow ordering that only requires solving gyrokinetic Fokker-Planck and quasineutrality equations correct to second order in an expansion on the gyroradius over scale length. We also show that according to our orderings the long wavelength toroidal rotation and the long wavelength...

A perturbation theoretic approach is proposed as an efficient characterization tool for a tapered fiber coupled ultrahigh-quality factor Q toroidal microcavity with a small inverse aspect ratio. The Helmholtz equation with an assumption of quasi-TE/TM modes in local toroidal coordinates is solved via a power series expansion in terms of the inverse aspect ratio and the expanded eigenmode soluti...

The studies of standard and neoclassical tearing instabilities in experimental tokamak plasmas show that these modes can be a serious problem on the path toward magnetic fusion. A precise understanding of their dynamics therefore is crucial, but requires full toroidal extended magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. Solving this problem is difficult, both from the point of view of the extreme p...

Full f gyrokinetic formulations employ two gyrokinetic equations, one for ions and the other for electrons, and quasineutrality to obtain the ion and electron distribution functions and the electrostatic potential. This article shows with several examples that the long wavelength radial electric field obtained with full f approaches is extremely sensitive to errors in the ion and electron densi...