According to a common view among Muslim philosophers, a moral agent has free will if and only if she is able to do an action when she wants to and is able to avoid it when she wants otherwise. Implicit in this view is the Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP). On the other hand, according to this view, free will is dependent on requirements such as conception, judgement, tendency, decisi...

In a recent paper, José Ángel Gascón extends the Frankfurtian notion of bullshit to sphere argumentation. On Frankfurt’s view, hallmark is lack concern for truth an utterance on part bullshitter. Similarly, argues, argumentative should be viewed as whether reasons that are adduced claim genuinely support claim. deserves credit drawing attention idea bullshit. Nevertheless, we argue, his treatme...

In this paper, I argue that having ‘leeway’ is part and parcel of what it to be the agential source an action, so embracing incompatibilism does not, by itself, absolve incompatibilist need find Frankfurtian agents possessors alternate possibilities. offer a response Frankfurt-style counterexamples Principle Alternate Possibilities, based on idea Frankfurt's Jones exercises two-way power agency...

In this paper we prove that if $X $ is a Banach space, then for every lower semi-continuous bounded below function $f, $ there exists a $left(varphi_1, varphi_2right)$-convex function $g, $ with arbitrarily small norm,  such that $f + g $ attains its strong minimum on $X. $ This result extends some of the  well-known varitional principles as that of Ekeland [On the variational principle,  J. Ma...

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kant’s ethical theory is one the most important theories in philosophy of ethics, which has always attracted the attention of the commentators and critics. although it has many positive points, there are some objections to this theory just as to any other human theory. in this article, it is attempted to point out the critiques that seem to have been leveled against kant’s ethics. some of these...