one-third of the people with an age over twenty have some signs of degenerated discs. however, in most of the patients the mere presence of degenerative discs is not a problem leading to pain, neurological compression, or other symptoms. this paper presents an interval type-2 fuzzy hybrid rule-based system to diagnose the abnormal degenerated discs where pain variables are represented by interv...

One-third of the people with an age over twenty have some signs of degenerated discs. However, in most of the patients the mere presence of degenerative discs is not a problem leading to pain, neurological compression, or other symptoms. This paper presents an interval type-2 fuzzy hybrid rule-based system to diagnose the abnormal degenerated discs where pain variables are represented by interv...

Flood water in Lake Manapouri is released according to strictly formulated flood rules. B e Realtime Flood Assistant is an expert system which incorporates Lake Manapouri flood rules and the txperience of the control room operators at Transpower NZ Ltd. to assist them in the release of flood water. The expert system is being developed in Level5 Object. The program is mainly an event-driven syst...

Two problem solving strategies, forward chaining and backward chaining, were compared to see how they affect students’ learning of geometry theorem proving with construction. In order to determine which strategy accelerates learning the most, an intelligent tutoring system, the Advanced Geometry Tutor, was developed that can teach either strategy while controlling all other instructional variab...

Logic programming languages based on linear logic are of both theoretical and practical interest, particulaly because such languages can be seen as providing a logical basis for programs which execute within a dynamic environment. Most linear logic programming languages are implemented using standard resolution or backward chaining techniques. However, there are many applications in which the c...

Most Prolog implementations are based on backward chaining techniques. However, there are many applications in which forward chaining ones are desirable such as in dynamic programming. In this paper, we first introduce a variant of a Prolog interpreter that computes interpolations and then introduce the notion of sequential queries. These two notions allow a combination of both forms of reasoni...

We attempt a structured view at the ontological query answering problem by distinguishing between two antagonistic perspectives: The knowledge representation perspective considers the ontology as a part of the specified knowledge whereas the database perspective assumes it to be part of the query. These two perspectives give rise to two computation strategies: (data-driven) forward chaining and...

Conceptual Graphs Rules were proposed as an extension of Simple Conceptual Graphs (CGs) to represent knowledge of form “if A then B”, where A and B are simple CGs. Optimizations of the deduction calculus in this KR formalism include a Backward Chaining that unifies at the same time whole subgraphs of a rule, and a Forward Chaining that relies on compiling dependencies between rules. In this pap...

Xcerpt is a declarative pattern based query and transformation language for semistructured data that like xml that bases on concepts and techniques of logic programming. Xcerpt uses both forward and backward chaining for program evaluation. While forward chaining is used for operations like view materialization, backward chaining is used in querying databases such as the web. This thesis presen...

Over the years increasing sophisticated planning algorithms have been developed. These have made for more efficient planners. However, current state of the art planners still suffer from severe complexity problems, problems that can surface even in domains in which good plans are easy to generate, like the blocks world. Planners generally employ search to find plans, and planning research has i...