BACKGROUND To make lignocellulosic fuel ethanol economically competitive with fossil fuels, it is necessary to reduce the production cost. One way to achieve this is by increasing the substrate concentration in the production process, and thus reduce the energy demand in the final distillation of the fermentation broth. However, increased substrate concentration in simultaneous saccharification...

With significant technological advances in metabolic engineering, there are currently available efficient recombinant yeast strains capable of fermenting lignocellulosic sugars (i.e., glucose and xylose) to bioethanol. Conventional batch fermentation, preferred in most bioprocesses, may not provide the most appropriate environments for those engineered strains to perform their best. In this art...

Cell Culture Bioreactors Basic Types of Bioreactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Stirred Tank (Well Mixed) vs. Tubular Reactor (Plug Flow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Segregated Bioreactors (Dead Zone Present) Compartmentalized Bioreactors . . 4 Implication When Growth or Reaction Occurs in the Reactor . . . . . ....

Fed-batch operation for the production of t-PA using Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells was optimized using serial and parallel experimentation. The feed, an isotonic concentrate, was improved to obtain 2- to 2.5-fold increases in integrated viable cell days versus batch. With a low glucose inoculum train, the viability index was further increased up to 4.5-fold. Hydrolysates were substituted fo...

This paper proposes an interval observer for continuous or fed-batch chemical reactors with uncertainties related to both the heat exchange coefficient and the kinetics. The interval observer provides an upper and a lower bound of the state given bounds for the uncertain parameters. The underand over-estimators are state observers for the non-linear reactor model with two positive tuning parame...

The removal of biological nitrogen from a synthetic wastewater with different ammonium nitrogen concentrations (50 and 100 mgN-NH4/L) by a nitrification and denitrification process using a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) with liquid-phase circulation was studied. The system with a total working volume of 4.6 L (3.7 L in the reactor and 0.9 L in the reservoir) treated 2.1 L of synthetic ...

The current study evaluates the performance of a pilot scale fed batch reactor (FBR), fo llowed by coagulation and sand filtration, for the treatment of an oil refinery wastewater. The total reductions in COD, BOD, oil contents and phenol were 95.11%, 94.30%, 99.47% and 100%, respectively, with FBR followed by coagulation and sand filtration. This FBR-coagulation-sand filtration treatment syste...

Immobilized cell reactor of the bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum entrapped into carrageenan gel beads was constructed and used for the investigation of batch, fed-batch and continuous production of L-glutamic acid from nutritionally enriched sugarcane molasses. High final L-glutamic acid concentration (>93 g l ) was achieved, in batch fermentation, but with low productivity of 3.8 g l h . R...

Cephalosporin C (CPC), a β-lactam antibiotic, is starting molecule for industrial production of semi synthetic cephalosporins. CPC fermentation has been carried out in Air Lift Reactor (indigenously made up of borosilicate glass) in different fermentation modes i.e., batch and fed batch modes using a mold Acremonium chrysogenum (synn. Cephalosporium acremonium). A definite correlation exists be...

Biocatalytic synthesis in continuous-flow microreactors is of increasing interest for the production of specialty chemicals. However, the yield of production achievable in these reactors can be limited by the adverse effects of high substrate concentration on the biocatalyst, including inhibition and denaturation. Fed-batch reactors have been developed in order to overcome this problem, but no ...