BACKGROUND Male circumcision (MC) reduces the risk of heterosexual HIV acquisition in men by approximately 60%. MC programs for HIV prevention are currently being scaled-up in fourteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The current standard surgical technique for MC in many sub-Saharan African countries is the forceps-guided male circumcision (FGMC) method. The PrePex male circumcision (PMC) meth...

In many animal societies, dominant males have a higher reproductive success than subordinate males. The proximate mechanisms by which social rank influences are poorly understood. One prominent hypothesis posits that rank-related male attributes of attractiveness and fighting ability the main mediators skew. Yet, empirical evidence in support this is limited. An alternative emphasises inherent ...