Besides being a metabolite of nucleotides like ATP, adenosine is a mediator of neuronal function in the central nervous system. Its actions are mediated by at least three extracellular receptors. In this review different aspects of adenosine such as biosynthesis, release, inactivation and its receptors are discussed. It also covers pre- and postsynaptic effects as well as postreceptor mecha...

Extracellular ATP mediates proinflammatory and antiproliferative effects via activation of P2 nucleotide receptors. In contrast, its metabolite, the nucleoside adenosine, is strongly immunosuppressive enhances tumor proliferation metastasis. The conversion to adenosine catalyzed by ectonucleotidases, which are expressed on immune cells typically upregulated cells. present study, we identified s...

Purine derivatives like adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is the powerhouse of cell and essential to maintain cellular homeostasis activity. Besides this they also act as a chemical messenger when released into extracellular milieu because stress insult. The ATP (eATP) well its metabolite triggers purinergic signaling affecting various processes such cytokine chemokine production, immune function...

The purine nucleotide ATP is a fundamental unit in cellular energy metabolism. Extracellular and its metabolites are also ligands for family of receptors, known as purinergic which expressed ubiquitously almost every cell type. In the immune system, extracellular signals regulate migration activation cells to orchestrate induction resolution inflammation. this review, we provide an overview rec...

A multifunctional, ubiquitous molecule, adenosine acts at cell-surface G protein-coupled receptors, as well numerous enzymes, including protein kinases and adenylyl cyclase. Extracellular is thought to be produced either by export or metabolism, predominantly through ecto-5’-nucleotidase activity (also producing inorganic phosphate). It inactivated extracellular metabolism via deaminase ammonia...

ATP-binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA1) is a key plasma membrane protein required for the efflux of cellular cholesterol to extracellular acceptors, particularly to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). This process is essential to maintain cholesterol homeostasis in the body. The detailed molecular mechanisms, however, are still insufficiently understood. Also, the molecular identity of ABCA1, i.e., ch...

besides being a metabolite of nucleotides like atp, adenosine is a mediator of neuronal function in the central nervous system. its actions are mediated by at least three extracellular receptors. in this review different aspects of adenosine such as biosynthesis, release, inactivation and its receptors are discussed. it also covers pre- and postsynaptic effects as well as postreceptor mechanism...

Extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)) is a potent suppressor of physiological calcification in bone and pathological calcification in blood vessels. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (eNPPs) generate PP(i) via the hydrolysis of ATP released into extracellular compartments by poorly understood mechanisms. Here we report that cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) fr...