The problem of explaining the rich spectrum of different patterns exhibited by mammals has a long history. In a controversial paper (1952) Turing proposed a Reaction-Diffusion (RD) model to explain at a macroscopic scale the process of pattern formation, as related to the occurrence of what he called a diffusion-driven instability. A typical Turing system consists of at least two chemical speci...

Infectious diseases often spread as spatial epidemic outbreak waves. A number of model studies have shown that such spatial pattern formation can have important consequences for the evolution of pathogens. Here, we show that such spatial patterns can cause cyclic evolutionary dynamics in selection for the length of the infectious period. The necessary reversal in the direction of selection is e...

Whilst the rate at which mutations occur in artiicial evolutionary systems has received considerable attention, there has been little analysis of the mutation operators themselves. Here attention is drawn to the possibility that inherent biases within such operators might arte-factually aaect the direction of evolutionary change. Biases associated with several mutation operators are detailed an...

The study of evolutionary biology is commonly divided into two components: study of the processes by which evolutionary change occurs and study of the patterns produced by those processes. By “pattern” we mean primarily the pattern of phylogenetic relationships among species or genes. Studies of evolutionary processes often don’t often devote too much attention to evolutionary patterns, except ...

The person’s way of thinking has a limit. There is a possibility that the better design pattern exists outside of their own ideas. In recent years, complicated structural analysis became possible by performance improvement of computer. The free structure forms which are not constrained by columns and girders became possible. The purpose of this study is the construction of the idea support syst...