Triangular norms, or t-norms for short, play an important role for the semantics of fuzzy logics. Although an enormous number of examples and a remarkable number of construction methods for this kind of operation has been established, a uniform approach is still outstanding. This paper is devoted to a specific algebraic-geometrical framework within which t-norms, up to isomorphism, can be descr...

The essential purpose of a program makes up only a small part of the overall task. All of the complications in the program come from addressing what can go wrong. Where the essential business processes remain stable, close examination shows complex defensive mechanisms which change as new threats to the business develop. Norms derive from modelling social behaviour but are not absolute expressi...

Contour lines totally fix the structure of leftcontinuous t-norms. For each t-norm, these contour lines are determined by the corresponding residual implicator. Most properties involving residual implicators can now easily be translated into properties involving contour lines. As the portation law expresses associativity, we dispose of a powerful tool for constructing left-continuous t-norms. I...