Objective.Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) is an irrigant with a  reasonable antibacterial ability and rather high permeability yet often fails to remove the smear layer. To solve this problem, CHX is upgraded through its complexion with chitosan (CS). Methods.Molar roots are split longitudinally by a rotary diamond saw. Chlorhexidine-chitosan (CHX-CS) is made by combinatio...