in this article, after an introduction, two more or less detailed reports of history of science – from the realm of medical science – are provided to clarify that when the scientists face a problem, how they practically solve, interpret, and elucidate it. then, other various types of elucidation are touched upon, defined, and described. further on, these same various elucidations are critically...


 This paper warns against misunderstanding the logical empiricists’ take on concepts of experience and empiricism. Far from expressing traditionalist way-of-ideas conceptions, these were themselves rethought refashioned to accord with their overall aim making contemporary philosophy science fit for purpose. To this end, disarms supposed counter-examples Schlick’s foundationalism Carnap’s ...

James Ladyman has argued that constructive empiricism entails modal realism, and that this renders constructive empiricism untenable. We maintain that constructive empiricism is compatible with modal nominalism. Although the central term ‘observable’ has been analyzed in terms of counterfactuals, and in general counterfactuals do not have objective truth conditions, the property of being observ...

This article critically examines the contemporary resurgence of empiricism (or “neo-empiricism”) in philosophy, psychology, neuropsychology, and artificial intelligence. This resurgence is an important and positive development. It is the first time that this centuries-old empiricist approach to cognition is precisely formulated in the context of cognitive science and neuroscience. Moreover, neo...

I show that the central notion of Constructive Empiricism, empirical adequacy, can be expressed syntactically and specifically in the Received View of the logical empiricists. The formalization shows that the Received View is superior to Constructive Empiricism in the treatment of theories involving unobservable objects or functions from observable to unobservable objects. It also suggests a fo...

This paper is a defense of Reformed Empiricism, especially against those critics who take Reformed Empiricism to be a viable account of empirical rationality only if it avails itself of certain rationalist assumptions that are inconsistent with empiricism. I argue against three broad types of criticism that are found in the current literature, and propose a way of characterising Gupta’s constra...

In this report, the theory of empiricism and rationalism will be discussed and compared. Empiricism is a set of theories philosophical (With applications logical, psychological or Language) that make the experience sensitive origin of any knowledge valid and all pleasure aesthetic. Empiricism objects in particular to theinnéisme ideas and the idea of a knowledge a priori. It often goes hand in ...