since the mid-19 th century, human activities have increased greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the earth's atmosphere that resulted in increased average temperature. the effects of rising temperature include soil degradation, loss of productivity of agricultural land, desertification, loss of biodiversity, degradation of ecosystems, reduced fresh-water resou...

-

background and aims: trends in deaths and medical admissions in the uk and europe show evidence for a series of infectious-like events. these events have been overlooked by traditional surveillance methodologies. preliminary evidence points to a rise in medical admissions in australia around the same time as those observed in europe, and this study was aimed to evaluate whether the deaths are o...

The complex interaction between a microbial pathogen and a host is the underlying basis of infectious disease. By understanding the molecular details of this interaction, we can identify virulence-associated microbial genes and hostdefense strategies and characterize the cues to which they respond and mechanisms by which they are regulated. This information will guide the design of a new genera...

Disease caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) ranges from self-limiting diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Serotype O157:H7, the most frequently implicated STEC causing hemorrhagic colitis and HUS, has been isolated from large foodborne outbreaks, as well as sporadic cases, in North America and abroad. However, 60 STEC serotypes have been impl...