The electric system needs to balance supply and demand on a moment to moment basis. Energy commodities such as coal, oil and natural gas can be readily stored in massive quantities. However, the storage of electricity has been relatively complex and expensive. Today, with the changing ways in which electricity is generated and used, increased penetration of renewable energy sources and smart gr...

Economical flows are studied by means of a particle model. Simulation methods are applied to the problem and a theoretical framework is constructed. Adaptive methods for the analysis, the evaluation and the control of economical flows are deduced.