Recent literature argues that economic sanction threats should be more successful because both sender and target have an incentive to resolve their dispute before entering into costly sanction. Testing this assertion is somewhat problematic because threats are essentially nonevents Fsanctions that were never deployed. This paper quantifies the U.S. threats to condition or revoke China’s most fa...

A growing number of field and experimental studies in social dilemma settings focus on the institutional arrangements by which individuals are able to solve collective action problems. Important in this research is the role of reciprocity and institutions that facilitate cooperation via opportunities for monitoring, sanctioning, and rewarding others. This study contrasts sanction and reward ins...

Sanctions are used ubiquitously to enforce obedience to social norms. However, recent field studies and laboratory experiments have demonstrated that cooperation is sometimes reduced when incentives meant to promote prosocial decisions are added to the environment. Although various explanations for this effect have been suggested, the neural foundations of the effect have not been fully explore...

This paper studies the implications of strain theory for equilibrium crime rates in a simple economic model by assuming that potential offenders care about their relative position. We establish that subjects’ status concerns allow for multiple crime rate equilibria and that these positional preferences may modify the results regarding predictions about how crime changes in response to a higher ...

unbalanced multilateralism should be considered as a part of the west world’s strategic policy to confine iran’s economic and international capabilities. indications of unbalanced multilateralism in iran’s economic sanction policymaking are focused on executive mechanisms and america and eu’s legislative bodies. although america and eu have relatively identical strategic objectives toward islam...

the development of international law has obliged the states to observe the principles and customs of international law in their intenational relations. economic sanction is the one of them. it is used as a political tool but discussed as an legal issue among the international law issue. there are three approcch on this issue ( economic sanction) first strict legality approach second relative le...